Cognitive Psychology 414 Exam One Practice Test

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• In V1 color processing, how is hue created?
• What is the basic processing element of the brain, and how do these basic processing elements communicate with each other?
• What does the word cortex refer to? What gives it its gray color?
• How do receptive field sizes differ across the ventral and dorsal visual streams?
• What is a principal goal of behaviorism?
• In the read-the-sentence-in-ink task, even though most of the words in black can be ignored, people may read a predicted word when it appears in black ink.
• Subtle aperceptive agnosia manifests as the ability to identify objects under ideal viewing conditions, but impairment under noisy viewing conditions.
• The What vs Where debate was reframed as What vs How as a result of findings from which patient?
• The Early Filter theory says irrelevant information is blocked right after basic sensory processing, before meaning; The Late Selection theory says all information is processed for meaning, but only the most important gets through.
• Define bottom-up processing and top-down processing and explain how it relates to feedforward vs feedback signaling.
• Which statement best captures a key difference between early-filter and late-filter theories?
• Which is an example of an exogenous capture of attention?
• Which statement best captures the difference between egocentric and allocentric representations?
• Depth cues mentioned contributing to depth perception include texture gradients and size constancy.
• Endogenous attention relies on which brain networks?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a V1 transform in the provided material?
• The professor's examples illustrate which general principle about visual perception, and which stage of processing is implicated?
• Which example illustrates the 'where' aspect of egocentric representation?
• Which statement about unconscious processes is true according to introspection?
• The dorsal visual stream supports which combination of functions?
• Gyrus refers to
• An invalid spatial cue slows reaction time relative to valid and to neutral cues.
• In Posner's task, invalid cues produce what cost relative to neutral cues?
• Which stage of visual processing is implicated in the examples of occlusion, texture gradients, and size constancy?
• According to early filter theories, a person shouting 'FIRE!' in a crowded space would attract attention because
• What is the geon-area in vision science?
• Allocentric spatial frame of reference is best described as which of the following?
• Which statement about EEG is true?
• The second experiment's strength lies in demonstrating double-dissociation. Which design feature best captures this?
• What does the brain do with input from the retina?
• Relative to a neutral cue, what is the effect of a valid cue on reaction time in Posner's spatial cuing task?
• Why do feature-detection neurons that detect motion in a particular direction usually have larger receptive fields?
• Which term means toward the front or bottom of the body?
• In the Posner spatial cuing task, valid cues affect reaction times how, compared to neutral cues, and why?
• Allocentric coordinates are defined relative to what?
• Place cells are neurons located in which brain region, and what is their role?
• What does hemispatial neglect reveal about the primary function of attention?
• What is transduction in perception?
• All of the following are assumptions that the visual system makes about the world, EXCEPT
• If a person is standing up facing you, lateral is to ______ as medial is to ______.
• All of the following are factors that make visual perception a hard problem, EXCEPT
• Which model explains the Posner results by positing attention as focusing on expected locations to process information faster?
• What do theories of attention imply about safety hazards when engaging in conversation in a vehicle?
• Which statement about hemispatial neglect and attention best reflects the material?
• What do the dorsal and ventral streams refer to? Include anatomy and function.
• Place cells fire in a specific region regardless of approach direction. Which option best describes this?
• In dichotic listening, which statement best describes unattended-channel processing predicted by early-filter theories?
• EEG can provide precise information about the _____ of a neural event, but not very precise information about the _____ of that event.
• Which statement describes an endogenous shift of attention?
• Shape constancy refers to perceiving an object's shape as the same despite changes in retinal size.
• Which statement defines the allocentric frame of reference?
• Which process is demonstrated by distant seats appearing smaller or blurrier yet still perceived as normal seats?
• The precise terms for the 'bottom' of the brain and the 'top' of the brain, when seen from the canonical view, are:
• Which option accurately names the two primary spatial frames of reference, including the subtypes of the first?
• Which statement about neutral cues in the spatial cuing task is most accurate?
• Why are receptive fields in visual area V4 larger than those in visual area V1?
• What is true about the Interactive Activation Model (IAM) and word recognition?
• Which is an example of an endogenous shift of spatial attention?
• In Posner's spatial cuing task, what is the effect of valid cues on reaction time relative to neutral cues?
• What is a receptive field?
• What explains the fact that all the windows look the same, and we can be confident that they all have the same dimensions, even though wherever you sit in the room each one projects a different shape onto our retinas?
• Which of the following is an example of the process of scene segmentation?
• What is the difference between a neuron's tuning properties and its receptive field?
• Which statement best contrasts neglect with the IAM word recognition model?
• Selective attention is necessary for successfully carrying out most tasks in everyday life because
• Which terms refer to positions closer to or farther from the center of the body?
• Is the dorsal visual stream valid to think of as supporting "Where" and "How" functions?
• Endogenous cuing of a target's likely location implies which of the following about attention?
• Which term describes direction toward the sides of the body?
• Which statement best explains why motion-direction detectors typically have larger receptive fields?
• Which statement about Late Selection theory is correct?
• How does visual perception benefit from parallel distributed processing and interactivity?
• Why are receptive fields representing regions in the fovea smaller than those representing regions in the periphery?
• What is the function of the white matter?
• Which description captures the temporal dynamics of exogenous attention?
• The ventral stream's function is object identity; the dorsal's function is spatial.
• Lateral connections (between elements at the same level) are beneficial because they ...
• If a place cell fires in a specific row of seats regardless of direction, what kind of encoding does this illustrate?
• Which network is associated with endogenous control of attention?
• In parallel distributed processing, processing can happen at many different levels of representation at the same time.
• Which description captures the temporal dynamics of endogenous attention?
• Which receptor type is primarily responsible for touch transduction?
• High-level vision’s ability to identify a familiar person among many similar-looking individuals demonstrates which function?
• Which term describes the process by which perception uses prior knowledge to interpret sensory input?
• What is a major difference between Introspectionism and Behaviorism?
• Which statement best describes how attention spreads after selecting part of an object?
• In the two visuomotor tests, what pattern of Dee's performance occurred?
• Damage to which brain structure is most likely to impair the formation of new spatial maps?
• What is an appealing feature of recognition-by-components geon theory?
• Researchers can measure the electrical activity of the brain with which technique?
• Which statement describes late-filter theories’ stance on unattended information?
• Which observation demonstrates that selection can be object-based?
• Which statement best describes an exogenous shift of attention?
• Which statement best describes why receptive fields in the geon-detection area are larger than those in V1?
• Why was the second experiment with Dee inferentially stronger than the first?
• Introspection had several problems. One problem was that the method had
• Relative to a neutral cue, the effect of an invalid cue on performance in the Posner spatial cuing task?
• In the Interactive Activation Model, which statement about word recognition is most accurate?
• Which of the following is NOT a transform described as occurring in primary visual cortex (V1)?
• In the context of the dorsal stream, what does egocentric frame of reference mean?
• Reaching and grasping is a better metaphor for spatial attention because grasping involves selection and movement; spotlight can only illuminate.
• In the video-change detection scenario, why were many changes likely not detected?
• How do the competition effects in the Interactive Activation Model of word recognition relate to hemispatial neglect, and how are they different?
• What are geons and how do they contribute to object recognition?
• In Cherry's dichotic listening task, which feature of unattended speech could participants report?
• Which statement best captures the code view?
• Which is an example of a theoretical construct not directly measurable that nonetheless explains some aspect of cognition, as seen in learning phenomena such as blocking?
• Which Gestalt principle explains perceiving a continuous curve when lines are interrupted?
• What is inattentional blindness?
• What does viewpoint invariance mean in object recognition?
• Attentional selection can be which of the following?
• High-level visual processing is best summarized as
• The 'dorsal stream' refers to visual processing of spatial information carried out in the parietal cortex.
• Recognition-by-components theory’s idea that object parts are defined relative to each other is best illustrated by which example?
• A key implication of the dissociation between aperceptive and associative agnosia is that visual perception involves multiple levels, from perceptual organization to semantic knowledge.
• Which brain region is most closely associated with attentional control and is implicated in hemispatial neglect when damaged?
• In human neuroanatomy, rostral is to ______ as caudal is to ______.
• Why doesn't the upside-down projection of the scene on the retina create a problem for perception?
• What are the physical bases of transduction for vision, audition, and somatosensation?
• What does it mean that our brains represent visual information in codes, not as copies?
• How is color constructed as a feature in V1?
• Summarize the terminology used to unambiguously refer to different parts of the nervous system, e.g., words that correspond to 'top' and 'inside', but that avoid the ambiguity of informal speech.
• How is the direction of motion detected as a feature by neurons in V1?
• What do Gestalt principles say about how we perceive objects?
• A valid spatial cue speeds RT relative to a neutral spatial cue because the cue allows attention to engage at the target location before the target appears.
• Why is attention important for the cognitive system?
• Which cells transduce sound waves in the ear?
• Which phenomenon describes failing to notice a change in a scene despite the change being visible?
• Allocentric representation means a location is encoded relative to what?
• The Dee case led to a proposal that What vs Where is better thought of as What vs How. Which option best captures this claim?
• Top-down processing refers to the way information at a higher level of representation can influence ongoing perception.
• Introspection is a method for studying the mind by:
• Which regions are associated with endogenous control of attention?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between hemispatial neglect and competition in visual processing?
• Introspection is a method for studying the mind by
• Geons are ...
• The 'ventral stream' refers to visual processing of object-identity information carried out in occipitotemporal regions.
• A purely bottom-up visual perception system would have difficulty with which task?
• Aperceptive agnosia results from disruptions of mid-level processes such as scene segmentation and/or identification of geons.
• Which statement accurately captures late-filter theories of attention?
• Which statement best captures a consequence of Gestalt grouping in perception?
• In Gestalt psychology, closure refers to perceiving incomplete figures as complete.
• Aperceptive agnosia vs associative agnosia definitions.
• Which is a different example of such a theoretical construct, not directly measurable but explaining cognition?
• Occlusion in perception is best described as:
• The Posner task demonstrates that attention modulates processing efficiency by focusing resources to a spatial location.
• What makes the Interactive Activation Model interactive?
• Which statement best describes the Word Superiority Effect in the Interactive Activation Model?
• In vision, transduction occurs in the retina by converting photons into electrical signals. Which option correctly states this?
• In anatomical terminology, which term means toward the back or top of the body?
• What does the term tuning property refer to?
• Noticing one’s own name in an unattended channel supports which theory?
• What is the difference between a lobe and a gyrus?
• Which issue is noted as a negative characteristic of introspection's reliability?
• How are edges with specific orientations constructed in V1?
• Dominant model of visual object recognition is 'feature analysis'. How does this model work?
• Which of the following are reasons that visual perception is a hard problem?
• Not a problem for visual perception that light reflecting off objects projects upside down onto the retinas because
• Which statement best explains why invalid cues slow responses in the spatial cuing task?
• Early-stage visual processing is best summarized as
• The extinction phenomenon provides evidence that attention adjudicates competition between visual representations in which way?
• Subtle forms of aperceptive agnosia manifest as ...
• Transduction is a key component of sensation or perception?
• Place cells encode location in which type of coordinate frame?
• In the Interactive Activation Model of word recognition, which types can connections between units have?
• Which scenario illustrates a dissociation between perceptual processing and object recognition?
• In the two-person scenario, if you want to know whether either person wears a wedding ring on the left hand, whose status could you determine first?
• A cognitive map is formed when place cells encode location allocentrically, enabling what?
• Which statement best describes mid-level vision's role in image segmentation?
• Which statement is NOT true about feature-based models of visual perception?
• Retinotopic coordinates are tied to which of the following?
• Endogenous attention is best described as attention that is ...
• Which statement is NOT a basic principle of behaviorism?
• Exogenous attention involves which brain regions?
• Which item is NOT an illustration of recognition-by-components (geon) theory?
• What does hemispatial neglect reveal about attention's role in resolving competition between visual representations?
• Mid-level visual processing is best summarized as
• Hemispatial neglect is due to disruption of the source of attentional control, because the brain regions that normally direct attention (like parts of the parietal cortex) are damaged, so attention isn't sent to the neglected side even though the visual system itself is still working.
• What was a fundamental problem with the Introspectionist school?
• In the Posner spatial cuing paradigm, which finding evidences spatial selection?
• The extinction phenomenon supports which claim about visual cognition?
• One problem with introspectionism was that:
• The extinction phenomenon demonstrates that competition for conscious representation is fundamental to visual cognition.
• Which statement best describes what attention can select?
• Distracted driving can occur when
• Which statement about mid-level vision is accurate?
• The results described support the idea that the dorsal stream guides what kind of behavior?
• All of the following are consistent with feature-based accounts of visual perception, EXCEPT
• The fact that hemispatial neglect results from damage to the dorsal stream indicates that:
• In a dichotic listening task, attending to the woman's speech and ignoring the man's, we don't notice if the man switches languages.
• When answering a question about the location of a place, which scenario best illustrates converting an allocentric memory into an egocentric description?
• Which of the following statements correctly defines egocentric vs allocentric representations of space?
• Which statement about the Word Superiority Effect is correct?
• Which statement accurately describes early-filter theories of attention?